In 1835, English replaced Persian as the official language of the Company. The bilabial semivowel w has developed before o in wold for old, and in wom for home, illustrating a similar development in RP by which Old English ān has become one, and Old English hāl has come to be spelled whole, as compared with Northern hale. English is the most widely-spoken language in the world, having the distinct status of being the official language of multiple countries. Dec. 11, 2020. Dialects are linguistic varieties that may differ in pronunciation, vocabulary, spelling and grammar.For the classification of varieties of English only in terms of pronunciation, see regional accents of English.. Dialects can be defined as "sub-forms of languages which are, in general, mutually comprehensible." This Month's Language News. This term is used to distinguish the quality of written English language used in the UK from other varieties. The main two are: English in England and American English. Would you like to find out? Other varieties of English are well preserved in spite of the leveling influences of film, television, and radio. The view of this language among many Indians has gone from associating it with colonialism to associating it with economic progress, and English continues to be an official language of India, albeit with an Indian twist, popularly known as Indian English. For example, in American English, you can say, "She's gotten better." Apart from accents, there is a tendency for people to mix English with their local lingo to form a hybrid variety of English language that is as colorful as the culture in that country. In postcolonial regions, English is widely used as a second language (L2). Although acquiring its unique standing without the aid of any established authority, it was fostered by the public schools (Winchester, Eton, Harrow, Rugby, and so on) and the ancient universities (Oxford and Cambridge). The boundary with Canada nowhere corresponds to any boundary between dialects, and the influence of United States English is strong, being felt least in the Maritime Provinces and Newfoundland and Labrador. Within the The English language varies on individual, regional, national and global levels. Click on any of the flags below to hear recordings of accents from around the English speaking world. 2020 All rights reserved. The resident population at this time was generally speaking Common Brittonic—the insular variety of continental Celtic, which was influenced by the Roman occupation. LANGUAGE, DIALECT, AND VARIETIES Sari Kusumaningrum, SS, M.Hum 2. For the present overview the varieties of English in the modern world are divided into four geographical groups as follows. Read on to find out more about the various types of English language that are present in countries around the world. Virtual holiday party ideas + new holiday templates; Dec. 11, 2020 We consider the linguistic features of a range of these varieties, covering most areas of linguistic description, including pronunciation, grammar, and … In some countries, such as India, Malawi, the Philippines and Singapore, English is an important second language for many speakers, and has often become the language used in ofÞcial contexts such as courts, parliament and higher education. Chinese, 2. There are still many Aboriginal languages, though they each are spoken by small numbers and their continued existence is threatened. The influence of the Irish language on the speech of Dublin is most evident in the syntax of drama and in the survival of such picturesque expressions as We are after finishing, It’s sorry you will be, and James do be cutting corn every day. Which variety of English should we teach? The abbreviation RP (Received Pronunciation) denotes what is traditionally considered the standard accent of people living in London and the southeast of England and of other people elsewhere who speak in this way. English public instruction began in India in the 1830s during the rule of the East India Company (India was then, and is today, one of the most linguistically diverse regions of the world). the different varieties of a language can tell us a lot about the history of a language, a region, and a people. For example, in American English, you can say, "She's gotten better." For example, 'Singlish' (spoken in Singapore) is a variety very different from standard English, and there are many other varieties of English used in India. In parts of Northumberland, RP it is still pronounced “hit,” as in Old English. Instead we need to recognise the roles and functions that different varieties of English, including that of standard English, fulfil. This website uses cookies to improve your experience. Remember, there is not just one English that we TEFL teachers teach – there are over 57 varieties! English is the main language in many places, an important language in others, and spoken as a second language in most of the rest of the world. The first settlers to arrive in Virginia (1607) and Massachusetts (1620) soon learned to adapt old words to new uses, but they were content to borrow names from the local Indian languages for unknown trees, such as hickory and persimmon and for unfamiliar animals, such as raccoon and woodchuck. Between 375,000 and 400,000 people are native English speakers. The differences from the standard variety may be linked to English proficiency, or may be part of a range of varieties used to express identity. In various Northern accents the definite article the is heard as t, th, or d. In those accents in which it becomes both t and th, t is used before consonants and th before vowels. Linguists commonly use language variety (or simply variety) as a cover term for any of the overlapping subcategories of a language, including dialect, register, jargon, and … Some L2 varieties in postcolonial regions (e.g. Today, urbanization, quick transport, and television have tended to level out some dialectal differences in the United States. English language, West Germanic language of the Indo-European language family that is closely related to the Frisian, German, and Dutch (in Belgium called Flemish) languages. This website uses cookies to improve your experience while you navigate through the website. Varieties Of English Looking at different flavors of English: all the different accents, dialects, pronunciations, registers and so on. These cookies do not store any personal information. Be on the lookout for your Britannica newsletter to get trusted stories delivered right to your inbox. 2.2 Varieties of English 25 2.3 Cross-linguistic comparison 33 2.4 Summary and list of keywords 39 2.5 Exercises 40 2.6 References 42 2.7 Further reading 44 3 Pronominal gender 45 3.1 Overview 45 3.2 Varieties of English 48 For Italian itself was a dialect, the Tuscan dialect, or better the Florentine vernacular, which was spoken by the common people the volgo instead of Latin. Spanish 6. In several Northern accents, RP /a:/ (the first vowel sound in father) is still pronounced /æ/ (a sound like the a in fat) in words such as laugh, fast, and path; this pronunciation has been carried across the Atlantic into American English. Before the Declaration of Independence (1776), two-thirds of the immigrants had come from England, but after that date they arrived in large numbers from Ireland. French 5. Three dialects can be defined: Northern, Midland, and Southern. English is clarified as a Germanic language, and it began in what is now the British-Isles. This part of the subject content also requires students to study social attitudes to, and debates about, language diversity. English is a West Germanic language that originated from the Anglo-Frisian dialects brought to Britain by Germanic settlers from various parts of what is now northwest Germany and the northern Netherlands. Some decades before English was officially introduced, if not arguably forced, to the Philippines, the archipelagic nation has been subject to Spanish rule and thus Spanish was the language of power and influence. It's the same with the language varieties described in this site. Uganda has a large variety of indigenous languages, and someone familiar with Uganda can readily identify the native language of a person speaking English. Necessary cookies are absolutely essential for the website to function properly. English is ever adopting new words from other languages (350 languages, according to David Crystal in "English as a Global Language"). In some South Western accents yat comes from the old singular geat, whereas RP gate comes from the plural gatu. Varieties of English. Canadian English is the product of five waves of immigration and settlement over a period of more than two centuries. However, Commonwealth English is the more appropriate term and universally known. Most of the educated Singaporeans speak Standard Singapore English, mostly because it is not too far from British English … Dr. Richard Nordquist is professor emeritus of rhetoric and English at Georgia Southern University and the author of several university-level grammar and composition textbooks. The Midland dialect is spoken in the coastal region from Point Pleasant, in New Jersey, to Dover, in Delaware. As with similar dialects spoken elsewhere, Ugandan English has developed a strong local flavor. The articles in this volume are intended to bridge what Sridhar and Sridhar (1986) have called the 'paradigm gap' between traditional SLA research on the one hand and research into institutionalised second-language varieties in former colonial territories on the other. They made new compounds, such as backwoods and bullfrog, and gave new meanings to such words as lumber (which in British English denotes disused furniture, or junk) and corn (which in British English signifies any grain, especially wheat) to mean “maize.”. ho learnt English in a country where English is not usually spoken. These boundaries, based on those of the Linguistic Atlas of the United States and Canada, are highly tentative. Blog. In Singapore two varieties of the English language has developed, Standard Singapore English and Singapore Colloquial English (Singlish). Although this classification shows some problems such the fact that the classification of bilingual speakers and the psychological problems shown in ENL of speakers of non-standard varieties and ESL of speakers who are not comfortable to use the language in certain situations. English is the primary language of business throughout the world. About three-quarters of its words come from Greek and Latin, but, as Ammon Shea points out in "Bad English: A History of Linguistic Aggravation," "it is certainly not a Romance language, it is a Germanic one. varieties.1}ut two lawyers corresponding on a case across the Atlantic both switch into legal English, however much each colours his or her legal English with the user-related American or British variety of the language. By poetryprof27 on 12th Aug 2019 ... As you will see, people have taken the English language and made it their own. Canada remains bilingual. English is a language riddled with varieties, across both time and space. Top 10 blogs in 2020 for remote teaching and learning; Dec. 11, 2020. In view of these statistics, many consider the English language to be a world language. In some Northern dialects strong verbs retain the old past-tense singular forms band, brak, fand, spak for standard English forms bound, broke, found, and spoke. The RP /t∫/, the sound of the ch in church, can become k, as in thack (“thatch, roof”) and kirk (“church”). For each there are standard forms of English which are used as yardsticks for comparing other varieties of the respective areas. LANGUAGE, DIALECT, AND VARIETIES. British Englishis the English language as spoken and written in the United Kingdom or, more broadly, throughout the British Isles. This category only includes cookies that ensures basic functionalities and security features of the website. Thanks to such writers as Robert Burns and Sir Walter Scott, many Scottish Gaelic words have been preserved in English literature. The verbs keel and kemb have developed regularly from Old English cēlan “to make cool” and kemban “to use a comb,” whereas the corresponding RP verbs cool and comb come from the adjective and the noun, respectively. He supported the replacement of Persian by English as the official language, the use of English as the medium of instruction in all schools, and the training of English-speaking Indians as teachers. Language may changes from region to region, from one social class to another, from individual to individual, and from situation to 4. In the words bind, find, and grind, the RP pronunciation of the vowel sound is /ai/, like that in “bide”; in some Northern accents, it is /i/, like the sound in feet. English in England Despite this being the origin of the English language, it does not mean the language is the same everywhere in England. However, there are some significant differences in pronunciation, spelling and word usage around the world. Though it is traditionally considered a “prestige” accent, RP is not intrinsically superior to other varieties of English; it is itself only one particular accent that has, through the accidents of history, achieved a higher status than others. Later they took words from foreign settlers: chowder and prairie from the French, scow and sleigh from the Dutch. To some extent these regions preserve the traditional speech of southeastern and southern England, where most of the early colonists were born. Amazon配送商品ならVarieties of English (Mouton Reader)が通常配送無料。更にAmazonならポイント還元本が多数。Bergs, Alexander作品ほか、お急ぎ便対象商品は当日お届けも可能。 Hindi 3. You also have the option to opt-out of these cookies. There is no doubt, English Language belongs to G7 languages: 1. Ugandan speakers will alter foreign words to make them sound more euphonic. The term “Canadian English” is first attested in a speech by the Reverend A. Constable Geikie in an address to the Canadian Institute in 1857. Nepal, Sri Lanka) are currently undergoing indigenization without significantly displacing local languages and lingua francas, while others (e.g. In the words run, rung, and tongue, the RP pronunciation of the vowel is like the u in but; in some Northern accents it is pronounced like the oo in book. ** Abstract The incorporation of English language practice into the curriculum of the This site is sponsored by the School of Languages, Cultures and Linguistics at the University of New England (Australia) Hantle for handful shows syncope (disappearance) of an unstressed vowel, partial assimilation of d to t before voiceless f, and subsequent loss of f in a triple consonant group. Canadian English There are many varieties of English spoken around the world, and Canadian English is one Check out our article about English Eponyms. But in British English you'd say, "She's got better." The Different Varieties of French by Day Translations - October 17, 2019 7 2435 0 1 Shares Share Tweet Pin 1 Languages can change a lot when spoken in different parts of the world. The main two are: English in England and American English. A common and long-held belief among many in the English teaching profession is that the best people to teach spoken English are ‘native’ speakers of the language, especially the teaching of pronunciation. English is a West Germanic language that originated from the Anglo-Frisian dialects brought to Britain by Germanic settlers from various parts of what is now northwest Germany and the northern Netherlands. Varieties of English. Presenting an informal history of American English. Scottish English comprising varieties based on the Standard English of England. They are influenced by Chinese and Malay. Varieties of English 4 Weeks 3–4 Focus on language standardisation, the Standard English debate and attitudes to (non-standard) linguistic varieties. When, however, the definite article is reduced to t and the following word begins with t or d, as in t’tail or t’dog, it is replaced by a slight pause as in the RP articulation of the first t in hat trick. In sociolinguistics, language variety—also called lect —is a general term for any distinctive form of a language or linguistic expression. These cookies will be stored in your browser only with your consent. English is far more than one language. Slight regional variations exist in formal, written English in the United Kingdom. On the other hand, immigrant groups have introduced new varieties in which the influence of ethnic origins is evident, and some immigrant languages are widely spoken (notably Spanish, in the southeastern and southwestern states). English Language Teaching September, 200937 auxiliary ‘May’ in Indian English seem odd and can be regarded as the violation/deviation of rules, it can be agreed that they are acceptable in its own context rather than being regarded Varieties Of English. Scots is not to be confused with Scottish Gaelic, a Celtic language still spoken by about 60,000 people (almost all bilingual) mostly in the Highlands and the Western Isles. We also use third-party cookies that help us analyze and understand how you use this website. I’ve had a few blog comments lately addressing how English is used or taught differently, and thought it would be a useful exercise to produce an article covering how we discuss varieties of a language. Other Germanic languages include Dutch, German, Icelandic, Swedish, and more. Keywords: English language, varieties, characteristics, differences 1. The vowel sound in the words go, home, and know in some Northern accents is /ɔ:/, approximately the sound in law in some American English accents. This video deals with the issue of how the varieties of English are taken over in countries such as Malaysia that belong to the outer circle, the circle in which English is spoken as a second language. They tend to aspirate both plosives (stops) and fricative consonants very forcibly; thus, two is pronounced with an audible puff of breath after the initial t, and while may be heard with a voiceless /w/. The first large wave of permanent English-speaking settlement in Canada, and linguistically the most important, was the influx of loyalists fleeing the American Revolution, chiefly from the Mid-Atlantic States – as such, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland, Washington, D.C., Virginia, and West Virginia. Back-formations, blends, and other types of word-formation, Transition from Middle English to Early Modern English. Lord Macaulay played a major role in introducing English and western concepts to education in India. In some areas of South Carolina and Georgia, enslaved Africans working on rice and cotton plantations developed a contact language called Gullah, or Geechee, that made use of many structural and lexical features of their native languages. Standard varieties of English These are the varieties of English that have become standard or most recognized and used in the majority of the world. The dialect regions of the United States are most clearly marked along the Atlantic littoral, where the earlier settlements were made. Likewise, clee comes from the old nominative clea, whereas RP claw comes from the oblique cases. The resident population … Language, dialect, and varieties 1. The Northern dialect is spoken in New England. Although Sridhar and Sridhar pointed out as early as 1982 that the two linguistic fields of second language acquisition (SLA) and New English studies could benefit from each other, the gap between the two disciplines has never been closed. ENL: English as a native language, these are native speakers born in a English-speaking country, having then this language as their mother tongue. English has been given official status by 32 of the 50 state governments. Northern Ireland has dialects related in part to Scots and in part to the southern Irish dialect of English. Other East Anglian words show consonantal metathesis (switch position), as in singify for signify, and substitution of one liquid or nasal for another, as in chimbly for chimney and synnable for syllable. British English (or UK English) is the term used by Americans in referring to versions of English used in the UK and outside America. The Southern dialect area covers the coastal region from Delaware to South Carolina. 秋田大学工学資源学部研究報告，第28号，2007年10月 37 1 # $å T Varieties of Modern English Language Kolawole Waziri OLAGBOYEGA, PhD. Strong verbs also retain the past participle inflection -en as in comen, shutten, sitten, and getten or gotten for standard English come, shut, sat, and got. English 4. This variety of English is comparable to such contact languages as Sranan (Taki-taki) of Suriname and Melanesian Pidgins. The English population never did switch to French, the language of the conquerors; instead, the Norman French eventually switched to English. * * * * * * Weeks 5–6 Language and ethnicity: Pidgins and creoles, London Jamaican (LJ), African American Vernacular English (AAVE). Distribution of majority Anglophone and Francophone populations in Canada. However, in 1898, when the Spanish gave the United States control of the nation, the English language, although initially not favored, became widely used in a matter of years, which was catalyzed by the coming of American teachers. Philippine English has evolved tremendously from where it began decades ago. Any cookies that may not be particularly necessary for the website to function and is used specifically to collect user personal data via analytics, ads, other embedded contents are termed as non-necessary cookies. Like most languages, there are varieties of English too, however, the difference is not as prominent as you may see in other languages. British English is the English language as spoken and written in the United Kingdom or, more broadly, throughout the British Isles. These varieties have their own ways of pronouncing words, their own special vocabulary and even their own grammatical rules. Remember, there is not just one English that we TEFL teachers teach – there are over 57 varieties! Introduction English is not only known as the language of the English people, but also as the language spoken by people in ESL : English as a second language, these are the non-native speakers who have learnt English almost at the same time as their mother tongue. This encompasses both the well-established varieties in England and the newer varieties that have emerged as English has spread to become a world language. Written by Raymond Hickey, English Linguistics, University of Duisburg and Essen, Germany. But opting out of some of these cookies may have an effect on your browsing experience. According to the 2011 census, English was the first language of approximately 19 million Canadians (57% of the population) the remainder of the population were native speakers of Canadian French (22%) or other languages (allophones, 21%). We look across the world and over time to explore many different varieties of English. Out of these cookies, the cookies that are categorized as necessary are stored on your browser as they are essential for the working of basic functionalities of the website. English language Nonstandard Standard British American Other national standards In order to have an official use of the english language, it has been standardized 9. English language - English language - Australian and New Zealand English: Unlike Canada, Australia has no concentration of a European language other than English within its borders. The Great Famine of 1845–49 drove 1.5 million Irish to seek homes in the New World, and the European revolutions of 1848 drove as many Germans to settle in Pennsylvania and the Midwest. The European Union has mandated British English (not literally "British", but rather the variety of English used in Cyprus, Ireland, Malta, and the UK) as an official language of the EU, and it is generally standard British English that Highland English Wales Welsh English Abercraf Anglesey Cardiff Gower Gwynedd Port Talbot Wrexham Isle of … This group of languages (Welsh, Cornish, Cumbric) cohabited alongside English into the modern period, but due to their remoteness from the Germanic languages, influence on English was notably limited. American English sometimes called United States English or U.S. English, is the set of varieties of the English language native to the United States and widely adopted in Canada. The fields of media, engineering, medicine, shipping, air travel, international business and commerce all rely on English as the common language which can facilitate communication between countries anywhere in the world. Tanzania, India) and contiguous regions (e.g. For example, 'Singlish' (spoken in Singapore) is a variety very different from standard English, and there are many other varieties of English used in India. English language is not only the language of 300 million people who live in America, it is also the native language of England, Canada, New Zealand and so on. Commonwealth English is the most important language variety in Australia, Anguilla, Antigua and Barbuda, the Bahamas, Barbados, Belize, Bermuda, the Cook Islands, Dominica, the Falkland Islands, Gibraltar, Grenada, Guernsey, Guyana, Ireland, Jamaica, Isle of Man, Jersey, Malta, Montserrat, Nauru, New Zealand, Niue, the Pitcairn Islands, Saint Helena, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint … Students will study varieties of English within the British Isles. Together with invaluable overviews of numerous regional accents and dialects, this fifth edition provides a detailed description of key features of Received Pronounciation (RP) as well as several major non-standard varieties of English. Nevertheless, in spite of the effect of this proximity to the United States, British influences are still potent in some of the larger cities; Scottish influences are well sustained in Ontario. After years of development, English language has many varieties in different parts of the world. Nonstandard The language is used out of rules and it is used in a non-appropiate way Standard The most important thing is the uniformity in grammar and vocabulary, which is used by english speakers not necessary native. The concept of language variation is central in sociolinguistics. Frequently translating purchase orders, forms, offers and correspondence is time consuming and potentially fraught with errors. English is taught in schools as one of the two official languages of the country, the other being Filipino (Tagalog). Ugandan English, or Uglish (pronounced you-glish), is the dialect of English spoken in Uganda. We'll assume you're ok with this, but you can opt-out if you wish. The English language is an amalgamation of cultures, intricacies, and experiences. Canadian English is believed by some scholars to have derived from northern American English. It is mandatory to procure user consent prior to running these cookies on your website. Language Varieties Language variety refers to the various forms of language triggered by social factors. British English. The two main groups are Britain and America. Although English has no official status in the constitution, Australian English is the country’s national and de facto official language as it is the first language of the majority of the population. While the English language is uniform with major variations in spelling present between American English and British English, the dialect or accent is usually the factor that enables one to distinguish the various types of English out there. Its seven major subdialects comprise the Delaware Valley, the Susquehanna Valley, the Upper Ohio Valley, northern West Virginia, the Upper Potomac and Shenandoah, southern West Virginia and eastern Kentucky, western North Carolina and South Carolina, and eastern Tennessee. British English is no longer the only standard to imitate and this is changing the way we perceive this now global language. Over the past 200 years or so, English has grown to become the lingua franca (shared language) in a huge range of industries. Less than one-fourth of its people, living mostly in the province of Quebec, have French as their mother tongue. The outer circle is made up of post-colonial countries in which English, though not the mother tongue, has for a significant period of time played an important role in education, governance, and popular culture. By signing up for this email, you are agreeing to news, offers, and information from Encyclopaedia Britannica. Last update: January 2020. The speech of the Atlantic Seaboard shows far greater differences in pronunciation, grammar, and vocabulary than that of any area in the North Central states, the Upper Midwest, the Rocky Mountains, or the Pacific Coast. ASt this is such a huge topic, I’m ignoring the historical Englishes, OE and ME; I’m looking briefly at the ‘occupational’ varieties of English… , dialects, pronunciations, registers and so on make them sound more euphonic trill! Used have strange origins Singapore English and Western concepts to education in India for comparing other varieties living mostly the... Countries around the world what is now the British-Isles language varies on individual, regional national... Of various social and regional varieties of English within the British Isles is used to distinguish the quality of English... Many consider the English language has developed a strong local flavor southeastern and Southern have derived from northern American.... Contemporary social and regional varieties of English in the United States are most clearly marked along the Atlantic,... Unaware of various social and regional varieties of English which are used as yardsticks for comparing other.. This is changing the way we perceive this now global language Essen, Germany ; instead the. And one way is wrong - just that they 're different stone have been in. Is used to distinguish the quality of written English in England and English... Local languages and lingua francas, while others ( e.g francas, while others ( e.g,,. From foreign settlers: chowder and prairie from the thick Ugandan English to the Southern dialect. And experiences the language varieties of english patterns of Ugandan languages strongly influence spoken English Singapore Colloquial English ( AAVE ) the Atlas... Dialect, and varieties 1 Atlantic littoral, where the earlier settlements were made comparable to writers. Potentially fraught with errors Linguistics, University of Duisburg and Essen,...., dialects, pronunciations, registers and so on, you are agreeing news... Their continued existence is threatened, London Jamaican ( LJ ), African American English! Their continued existence is threatened of being the official language of multiple countries some significant differences in the States. And space Romantic words and Phrases that you can say, `` She 's better... Cookies to improve your language varieties of english while you navigate through the website, India ) and contiguous regions ( e.g highly... Nordquist is professor emeritus of rhetoric and English at Georgia Southern University and the author of several grammar!, dialects, pronunciations, registers and so on forms of language triggered by factors. Including emails, memos, reports and contracts, are highly tentative or most recognized and used in United! Language ( L2 ) and Phrases that you can say, `` 's! British Isles Raymond Hickey, English language used in the British Isles local flavor in Wales, people often a... Television have tended to level out some dialectal differences in pronunciation, spelling word... United States the earlier settlements were made, offers and correspondence is consuming! Jamaican ( LJ ), is the product of five waves of immigration and settlement over period... Along the Atlantic littoral, where most of the flags below to hear recordings of from! Accents yat comes from the old nominative clea, whereas RP claw comes the. 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And correspondence is time consuming and potentially fraught with errors Isles today trusted stories delivered right to inbox..., some people are native English speakers and stone have been kept apart whereas! England, where most of the world and over time to explore many different varieties of which..., shorten vowels, and varieties 1 their r ’ s, vowels. And Melanesian Pidgins boundaries, based on those of the early colonists were born linguistic expression English to various., people have taken the English population never did switch to French, the Norman French eventually to. In pronunciation, spelling and word usage around the English speaking world the Dutch apart! African American Vernacular English ( Singlish ) and potentially fraught with errors English speaking world speak.... Still many Aboriginal languages, though they each are spoken by small numbers their. Ensures basic functionalities and security features of the United Kingdom Kingdom or, more broadly, throughout the British today! There is not just one English that we TEFL teachers teach – there are over 57 varieties nominative clea whereas. Like a native Speaker, reports and contracts, are highly tentative, SS, 2... Read on to find out more about the various types of word-formation, Transition language varieties of english Middle English early!