This involves use of mathematical or quantitative approach for decision making more often called Operations Research. In scientific management, there is one right way to do a task; workers were not encouraged (in fact, they were forbidden) to make decisions or evaluate actions that might produce a better result. This approach sees projects that are broken into smaller tasks and are easier to complete. employees, across functions. Here, the organisation is viewed as a system. Authority and responsibility are closely related. It helps employees to feel appreciated when they are rewarded for hard work and, in return, they will continue to be productive. Developing and maintaining a consistent management approach that engenders esprit de corps is a key link in the productivity process. Matrix management is commonly used in organizations to share resources, a.k.a. People who have contributed include Psychologists like A. H. Maslow, McGregor, Leavitt, Chris Argyris, Herzberg and McClelland and Sociologists like Bakke, Dubin, Katz, Gouldner and Etzioni. Empirical means based on real experiences and observation rather than theory. Change in the technical system is called for, if the social and technical systems do not go hand in hand. This school is developed during the scientific management era. Fayol defined Centralization as lowering the importance (authority) of the subor­dinate role and Decentralization as increasing the importance. Management is regarded as the problem-solving mechanism with the help of mathematical tools and techniques. Socio-technical system approach explains that every organisation has a social and a technical dimension. In the words of W.G. The advocates of this school concentrated on motivation, individual drives, group relations, leadership, group dynamics and so forth. These techniques help the managers in improving their decisions by analysing the various alternatives in a scientific manner. 1. They want results that will in some way contribute to the success of the enterprise. These functions of management are universal regardless of the type of enterprise. Team management involves teamwork, communication, objective setting and performance appraisals. Humans can never achieve the kind of error-free performance that machinesPP&E (Property, Plant and Equipment)PP&E (Property, Plant, and Equipment) is one of the core non-current assets found on the balance sheet. Management Process or Administrative Management Approach: The advocates of this school perceive management as a process consisting of planning, organising, commanding and controlling. The decision of what to achieve, and how to achieve it are the real challenges before a manager. A study of each of the parts of the body is necessary to understand the whole body. The approach one should adopt depends on characteristics or requirements of the situation in which a problem crops up. Bringing groups of people together for the purpose of working in the factory posed problems for the factory owners. This approach states that the aspirations of the individual employees and also of the society at large need to be considered. Frederic W. Taylor (1865-1915) Whenever a problem arises, the managers would seek guidance by referring to the experience of those managers who would have solved similar problems. Chester Barnard was the founder of this school. It is towards the achievement of a common objective. (iii) Replacement of old rule of thumb method of management by scientific method, i.e., scientific determination of each element of a man’s job. The interests of one person should not take priority over the interests of the organization as a whole. In summary, the quantitative approach to management applies numeric methods such as formulas, statistics, and scheduling models to management problems and uses the results to … According to this approach, there is no single way or best way to address a given problem situation. During the latter period of his service, Fayol used to deliver lectures on administration. They believe a theory can only be developed by the study and analysis of cases and comparative approach. It also involves one of a company’s most valuable assets: its people. They cannot be reduced to any mathematical formula. Systems Approach to Management (Systems Management School): This approach regards an enterprise as a system. Similarly autocratic leadership is workable in the case of illiterate workers whereas, participative leadership may work wonders in the case of skilled and talented workers and lease faire leadership is suitable to employees in R&D wing. It was started during 1930. This creates an assembly-line environment that many workers feel hinders the workplace creativity. )Leading by the hand implies giving direction that is stronger than just a passing suggestion yet still fairly gentle in approach. Every manager has to apply the various approaches of management according to the demands of the situation. Born in 1841 in France he was graduated in mining engineering in 1860 and got appointed as an engineer in a coal mining company, where through gradual promotion finally became the managing director of the company in 1888. This school is based on the evidence that management problems could be solved in a better way depending on the experiences of the managers. As a result, various schools of management thought, each employing certain beliefs, views and disciplines, have come into existence. If we want … In other words, IT has become an integral part of our lives. Management problems can be described in mathematical symbols. 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